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Molecular biology
Nucleic acid analogues are used in molecular biology for several purposes:
As a tool to detect particular sequences
As a tool with resistance to RNA hydrolysis)
As a tool for another purpose, such as sequencing
Naturally occurring, such as in tRNA
Investigation of the mechanisms used by enzyme, such as an Enzyme inhibitor)
Investigation of possible scenarios of the origin […]
In atomic, molecular, and optical physics as well as in quantum chemistry, molecular Hamiltonian is the name given to the Hamiltonian representing the energy of the electrons and nuclei in a molecule. This Hermitian operator and the associated Schrödinger equation play a central role in computational chemistry and physics for computing properties of molecules and […]
Molecular modelling is a collective term that refers to theoretical methods and computational techniques to model or mimic the behaviour of molecules. The techniques are used in the fields of computational chemistry, computational biology and materials science for studying molecular systems ranging from small chemical systems to large biological molecules and material assemblies. The simplest […]
In chemistry, polarity refers to the dipole-dipole intermolecular forces between the slightly positively-charged end of one molecule to the negative end of another or the same molecule. Molecular polarity is dependent on the difference in electronegativity between atoms in a compound and the asymmetry of the compound’s structure. For example, water is thought to be […]
In chemistry, a molecular orbital (or MO) is a region in which an electron may be found in a molecule. Molecular orbitals are described by wave functions, mathematical solutions to the Schrödinger wave equation for a molecule, which specify the spatial distribution and energy of up to two electrons within it. They can be quantitatively […]
According to Merriam-Webster and the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word “molecule” derives from the Latin “moles” or small unit of mass.
Molecule (1794) - “extremely minute particle,” from Fr. molĂ©cule (1678), from Mod.L. molecula, dim. of L. moles “mass, barrier”. A vague meaning at first; the vogue for the word (used until late 18th century only […]
The study of molecules by molecular physics and theoretical chemistry is largely based on quantum mechanics and is essential for the understanding of the chemical bond. The simplest of molecules is the hydrogen molecule-ion, H2+, and the simplest of all the chemical bonds is the one-electron bond. H2+ is composed of two positively-charged protons and […]
Molecular spectroscopy deals with the response (spectrum) of molecules interacting with probing signals of known energy (or frequency, according to Planck’s formula). Scattering theory provides the theoretical background for spectroscopy.
The probing signal used in spectroscopy can be an electromagnetic wave or a beam of particles (electrons, positrons, etc.) The molecular response can consist of signal […]
Molecules have fixed equilibrium geometries—bond lengths and angles— about which they continuously oscillate through vibrational and rotational motions. A pure substance is composed of molecules with the same average geometrical structure. The chemical formula and the structure of a molecule are the two important factors that determine its properties, particularly its reactivity. Isomers share a […]
The empirical formula of a molecule is the simplest integer ratio of the chemical elements that constitute the compound. For example, in their pure forms, water is always composed of a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen, and ethyl alcohol or ethanol is always composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 2:6:1 ratio. However, […]
