DNA

Ribonucleic acid or RNA is a nucleic acid made from a long chain of nucleotide units. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate. RNA is very similar to DNA, but differs in a few important structural details: in the cell RNA is usually single stranded, while DNA is usually […]

2nd base

U
C
A
G

1st
base
U
UUU (Phe/F)Phenylalanine
UUC (Phe/F)Phenylalanine
UUA (Leu/L)Leucine
UUG (Leu/L)Leucine
UCU (Ser/S)Serine
UCC (Ser/S)Serine
UCA (Ser/S)Serine
UCG (Ser/S)Serine
UAU (Tyr/Y)Tyrosine
UAC (Tyr/Y)Tyrosine
UAA Ochre (Stop)
UAG Amber (Stop)
UGU (Cys/C)Cysteine
UGC (Cys/C)Cysteine
UGA Opal (Stop)
UGG (Trp/W)Tryptophan

C
CUU (Leu/L)Leucine
CUC (Leu/L)Leucine
CUA (Leu/L)Leucine
CUG (Leu/L)Leucine
CCU (Pro/P)Proline
CCC (Pro/P)Proline
CCA (Pro/P)Proline
CCG (Pro/P)Proline
CAU (His/H)Histidine
CAC (His/H)Histidine
CAA (Gln/Q)Glutamine
CAG (Gln/Q)Glutamine
CGU (Arg/R)Arginine
CGC (Arg/R)Arginine
CGA (Arg/R)Arginine
CGG (Arg/R)Arginine

A
AUU (Ile/I)Isoleucine
AUC (Ile/I)Isoleucine
AUA (Ile/I)Isoleucine
AUG (Met/M)Methionine, Start[1]
ACU (Thr/T)Threonine
ACC (Thr/T)Threonine
ACA (Thr/T)Threonine
ACG (Thr/T)Threonine
AAU (Asn/N)Asparagine
AAC (Asn/N)Asparagine
AAA (Lys/K)Lysine
AAG (Lys/K)Lysine
AGU (Ser/S)Serine
AGC (Ser/S)Serine
AGA (Arg/R)Arginine
AGG (Arg/R)Arginine

G
GUU (Val/V)Valine
GUC (Val/V)Valine
GUA (Val/V)Valine
GUG (Val/V)Valine
GCU (Ala/A)Alanine
GCC (Ala/A)Alanine
GCA (Ala/A)Alanine
GCG (Ala/A)Alanine
GAU (Asp/D)Aspartic acid
GAC (Asp/D)Aspartic acid
GAA (Glu/E)Glutamic acid
GAG (Glu/E)Glutamic acid
GGU (Gly/G)Glycine
GGC (Gly/G)Glycine
GGA (Gly/G)Glycine
GGG (Gly/G)Glycine

Ala/A
GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG
Leu/L
UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG

Arg/R
CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, AGG
Lys/K
AAA, AAG

Asn/N
AAU, AAC
Met/M
AUG

Asp/D
GAU, GAC
Phe/F
UUU, UUC

Cys/C
UGU, UGC
Pro/P
CCU, CCC, CCA, CCG

Gln/Q
CAA, CAG
Ser/S
UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU, AGC

Glu/E
GAA, GAG
Thr/T
ACU, ACC, ACA, ACG

Gly/G
GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG
Trp/W
UGG

His/H
CAU, CAC
Tyr/Y
UAU, UAC

Ile/I
AUU, AUC, AUA
Val/V
GUU, GUC, GUA, GUG

START
AUG
STOP
UAG, UGA, UAA

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the central component of the ribosome, the protein manufacturing machinery of all living cells. The function of the rRNA is to provide a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acids and to interact with the tRNAs during translation by providing peptidyl transferase activity

A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is any RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. A previously used synonym, particularly with bacteria, was small RNA (sRNA). However, some ncRNAs are very large (e.g. Xist). Less-frequently used synonyms are non-messenger RNA (nmRNA), small non-messenger RNA (snmRNA), or functional RNA (fRNA). The DNA sequence from which a […]

Many RNAs are involved in modifying other RNAs. Introns are spliced out of pre-mRNA by spliceosomes, which contain several small nuclear RNAs (snRNA). RNA can also be altered by having its nucleotides modified to other nucleotides than A, C, G and U. In eukaryotes, modifications of RNA nucleotides are generally directed by small nucleolar RNAs […]

RNA polymerase (RNAP or RNApol) is an enzyme that makes an RNA copy of a DNA or RNA template. In cells, RNAP is needed for constructing RNA chains from DNA genes, a process called transcription. RNA polymerase enzymes are essential to life and are found in all organisms and many viruses. In chemical terms, RNAP […]

Type  
Abbr.  
Function 
Distribution  
Ref.  

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the RNA that carries information from DNA to the ribosome sites of protein synthesis (translation) in the cell. The coding sequence of the mRNA determines the amino acid sequence in the protein that is produced.
RNA genes are genes that encode RNA which is not translated into a protein, known as non-coding […]

Synthesis of RNA is usually catalyzed by an enzyme—RNA polymerase—using DNA as a template. Initiation of synthesis begins with the binding of the enzyme to a promoter sequence in the DNA (usually found “upstream” of a gene). The DNA double helix is unwound by the helicase activity of the enzyme. The enzyme then progresses along […]

RNA and DNA differ in three main ways. First, unlike DNA which is double-stranded, RNA is a single-stranded molecule in most of its biological roles and has a much shorter chain of nucleotides. Second, while DNA contains deoxyribose, RNA contains ribose, (there is no hydroxyl group attached to the pentose ring in the 2′ position […]